Lesson 1

Particle = と

Related Translation = And

と is used when you want to specify two or more nouns, like the English conjunction ‘and’.

Example:

1. Oliver, Olivia and Ms. Smith. = OliverとOliviaとSmithさん。

Particle = や

Related Translation = And/Or

や is like と but is less specific. For example, you can use や to say “this or that” to mean that you could have one or the other, or you can use や to say ‘and’ but imply to the listener that there is more that you haven't mentioned.

Examples:

1. Morning or afternoon (but only those times). = 朝や昼過ぎ。 (あさやひるすぎ。)

2. Family and relatives (and maybe some others). = 家族や親族。 (かぞくやしんぞく。)

Particle = の

Related Translation = ‘S

の expresses possession, similar the English use of pronouns (my, your, his/her, our, their) or adding an ‘S to the end of a name or a noun. Add の to the end of the word if the last object belongs to the first.

Example:

1. Aiden McCain’s apartment. = Aiden·McCainのアパート。

In the example above, the apartment belongs to Aiden rather than Aiden belonging to the apartment.

Particle = も

Related Translations = Also, Too

も introduces a subject in addition to another sentence, but both tenses must agree with each over.

Examples

1. Her singing is also amazing. 彼女の歌声も凄い。 (かのじょのうたごえもすごい。)

2. Her singing is amazing, too. 彼女の歌声は凄いも。 (かのじょのうたごえはすごいも。)

The first sentence could’ve followed on from someone saying that her acting was amazing. The second is more about the way she sung and could’ve followed on from a previous comment about her voice.

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